python简明教程

False               def                 if                  raise
None                del                 import              return
True                elif                in                  try
and                 else                is                  while
as                  except              lambda              with
assert              finally             nonlocal            yield
break               for                 not                 
class               from                or                  
continue            global              pass

>>> 'ShiYanLou'
'ShiYanLou' 
>>> 'ShiYanLou\'s best' 
"ShiYanLou's best" 
>>> "Hello World!" 
'Hello World!'

#!/usr/bin/env python3
number = int(input("Enter an integer: "))
if number <= 100:
    print("Your number is less than or equal to 100")
else:
    print("Your number is greater than 100")

>>>"{} {}".format("hello", "world")    # 不设置指定位置，按默认顺序
'hello world'
 
>>> "{0} {1}".format("hello", "world")  # 设置指定位置
'hello world'
 
>>> "{1} {0} {1}".format("hello", "world")  # 设置指定位置
'world hello world'

>>> a , b = 45, 54
>>> a
45
>>> b
54

>>> a, b = b , a
>>> a
54
>>> b
45

>>> a = 12
>>> a += 13
>>> a
25

>>> a = [ 1, 342, 223, 'India', 'Fedora']
>>> a
[1, 342, 223, 'India', 'Fedora']

 +---+-----+-----+---------+----------+
 | 1 | 342 | 223 | 'India' | 'Fedora' |
 +---+-----+-----+---------+----------+
   0    1     2       3        4          5
  -5   -4    -3      -2       -1

>>> a[32]
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
IndexError: list index out of range

>>> a = [ 1, 342, 223, 'India', 'Fedora']
>>> a[0:-1]
[1, 342, 223, 'India']
>>> a[2:-2]
[223]

>>> a[2:32]
[223, 'India', 'Fedora']
>>> a[32:]
[]

>>> a[1::2]
[342, 'India']

>>> a + [36, 49, 64, 81, 100]
[1, 342, 223, 'India', 'Fedora', 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]

>>> letters = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g']
>>> letters
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g']
>>> # 替换某些值
>>> letters[2:5] = ['C', 'D', 'E']
>>> letters
['a', 'b', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'f', 'g']
>>> # 现在移除他们
>>> letters[2:5] = []
>>> letters
['a', 'b', 'f', 'g']
>>> # 通过替换所有元素为空列表来清空这个列表
>>> letters[:] = []
>>> letters
[]

>>> a = [ 1, 342, 223, 'India', 'Fedora']
>>> a
[1, 342, 223, 'India', 'Fedora']

>>> a[0]
1
>>> a[4]
'Fedora'

>>> a[-1]
'Fedora'

>>> a[0:-1]
[1, 342, 223, 'India']
>>> a[2:-2]
[223]

>>> a[:]
[1, 342, 223, 'India', 'Fedora']

>>> a[:-2]
[1, 342, 223]
>>> a[-2:]
['India', 'Fedora']

 +---+-----+-----+---------+----------+
 | 1 | 342 | 223 | 'India' | 'Fedora' |
 +---+-----+-----+---------+----------+
   0    1     2       3        4          5
  -5   -4    -3      -2       -1

>>> a[32]
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
IndexError: list index out of range
>>> a[-10]
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
IndexError: list index out of range

>>> a[2:32]
[223, 'India', 'Fedora']
>>> a[32:]
[]

>>> a[1::2]
[342, 'India']

>>> a + [36, 49, 64, 81, 100]
[1, 342, 223, 'India', 'Fedora', 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]

>>> cubes = [1, 8, 27, 65, 125]
>>> cubes[3] = 64
>>> cubes
[1, 8, 27, 64, 125]

>>> letters = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g']
>>> letters
['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'g']
>>> # 替换某些值
>>> letters[2:5] = ['C', 'D', 'E']
>>> letters
['a', 'b', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'f', 'g']
>>> # 现在移除他们
>>> letters[2:5] = []
>>> letters
['a', 'b', 'f', 'g']
>>> # 通过替换所有元素为空列表来清空这个列表
>>> letters[:] = []
>>> letters
[]

>>> a = ['ShiYanLou', 'is', 'cool']
>>> 'cool' in a
True
>>> 'Linux' in a
False

if expression:
	do this
else:
	do that
--------------------------
if expression1:
	do this
elif expression2:
	do ...
else:
	do that

while condition:
    statement1
    statement2

>>> a = ['ShiYanLou', 'is', 'powerful']
>>> for x in a:
...     print(x)
...
ShiYanLou
is
powerful

>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
>>> for x in a[::2]:
...     print(x)
1
3
5
7
9

>>> range(1, 5)      
range(1, 5)
>>> list(range(1, 5))
[1, 2, 3, 4]
>>> list(range(1, 15, 3))
[1, 4, 7, 10, 13]

>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
>>> a
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
>>> a.pop()
6
>>> a.pop()
5
>>> a.pop()
4
>>> a.pop()
3
>>> a
[1, 2]
>>> a.append(34)
>>> a
[1, 2, 34]

>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> a.append(1)
>>> a
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1]
>>> a.pop(0)
1
>>> a.pop(0)
2
>>> a
[3, 4, 5, 1]

squares = [x**2 for x in range(10)]

>>> [(x, y) for x in [1,2,3] for y in [3,1,4] if x != y]
[(1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 1), (2, 4), (3, 1), (3, 4)]

# 列表推导式也可以嵌套
>>> a=[1,2,3]
>>> z = [x + 1 for x in [x ** 2 for x in a]]
>>> z
[2, 5, 10]

>>> # 演示对两个单词中的字母进行集合操作
...
>>> a = set('abracadabra')
>>> b = set('alacazam')
>>> a                                  # a 去重后的字母
{'a', 'r', 'b', 'c', 'd'}
>>> a - b                              # a 有而 b 没有的字母
{'r', 'd', 'b'}
>>> a | b                              # 存在于 a 或 b 的字母
{'a', 'c', 'r', 'd', 'b', 'm', 'z', 'l'}
>>> a & b                              # a 和 b 都有的字母
{'a', 'c'}
>>> a ^ b                              # 存在于 a 或 b 但不同时存在的字母
{'r', 'd', 'b', 'm', 'z', 'l'}

>>> a = {'a','e','h','g'}
>>> a.pop()  # pop 方法随机删除一个元素并打印
'h'
>>> a.add('c')
>>> a
{'c', 'e', 'g', 'a'}

>>> data = {'kushal':'Fedora', 'kart_':'Debian', 'Jace':'Mac'}
>>> data
{'kushal': 'Fedora', 'Jace': 'Mac', 'kart_': 'Debian'}
>>> data['kart_']
'Debian'

>>> data['parthan'] = 'Ubuntu'
>>> data
{'kushal': 'Fedora', 'Jace': 'Mac', 'kart_': 'Debian', 'parthan': 'Ubuntu'}

>>> del data['kushal']
>>> data
{'Jace': 'Mac', 'kart_': 'Debian', 'parthan': 'Ubuntu'

>>> 'ShiYanLou' in data
False

>>> dict((('Indian','Delhi'),('Bangladesh','Dhaka')))
{'Indian': 'Delhi', 'Bangladesh': 'Dhaka'}

>>> data
{'Kushal': 'Fedora', 'Jace': 'Mac', 'kart_': 'Debian', 'parthan': 'Ubuntu'}
>>> for x, y in data.items():
...     print("{} uses {}".format(x, y))
...
Kushal uses Fedora
Jace uses Mac
kart_ uses Debian
parthan uses Ubuntu

>>> data = {}
>>> data.setdefault('names', []).append('Ruby')
>>> data
{'names': ['Ruby']}
>>> data.setdefault('names', []).append('Python')
>>> data
{'names': ['Ruby', 'Python']}
>>> data.setdefault('names', []).append('C')
>>> data
{'names': ['Ruby', 'Python', 'C']}

>>> data['foo']
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
KeyError: 'foo'
>>> data.get('foo', 0)
0

>>> for i, j in enumerate(['a', 'b', 'c']):
...     print(i, j)
...
0 a
1 b
2 c

>>> a = ['Pradeepto', 'Kushal']
>>> b = ['OpenSUSE', 'Fedora']
>>> for x, y in zip(a, b):
...     print("{} uses {}".format(x, y))
...
Pradeepto uses OpenSUSE
Kushal uses Fedora

>>> s = "We all love Python"
>>> s.split()
['We', 'all', 'love', 'Python']

>>> "-".join("GNU/Linux is great".split())
'GNU/Linux-is-great'

>>> s = "  a bc\n "
>>> s.strip()
'a bc'

>>> s = "www.foss.in" 
>>> s.lstrip("cwsd.") #删除在字符串左边出现的'c','w','s','d','.'字符
'foss.in'
>>> s.rstrip("cnwdi.") #删除在字符串右边出现的'c','n','w','d','i','.'字符
'www.foss'

>>> s = "faulty for a reason"
>>> s.find("for")
7
>>> s.find("fora")
-1
>>> s.startswith("fa") # 检查字符串是否以 fa 开头
True
>>> s.endswith("reason") # 检查字符串是否以 reason 结尾
True

s = input("Please enter a string: ")
z = s[::-1]  #把输入的字符串s 进行倒序处理形成新的字符串z
if s == z:
    print("The string is a palindrome")
else:
    print("The string is not a palindrome")

a = 9
def change():
    print(a)
    a = 100
change()
--------
UnboundLocalError: local variable 'a' referenced before assignment
局部变量在定义前被引用
原因是当函数中只要用到了变量 a，并且 a 出现在表达式等于号的左边，就会被当作局部变量。当执行到 print(a) 的时候会报错，因为 a 作为函数局部变量是在 print(a) 之后才定义的

#!/usr/bin/env python3
a = 9
def change():
    global a
    print(a)
    a = 100
print("Before the function call ", a)
print("inside change function", end=' ')
change()
print("After the function call ", a)
--------------
Before the function call  9
inside change function 9
After the function call  100

>>> def f(a, data=[]):
...     data.append(a)
...     return data
...
>>> print(f(1))
[1]
>>> print(f(2))
[1, 2]
>>> print(f(3))
[1, 2, 3]

>>> def f(a, data=None):
...     if data is None:
...         data = []
...     data.append(a)
...     return data
...
>>> print(f(1))
[1]
>>> print(f(2))
[2]

>>> def func(a, b=5, c=10):
...     print('a is', a, 'and b is', b, 'and c is', c)
...
>>> func(12, 24)
a is 12 and b is 24 and c is 10
>>> func(12, c = 24)
a is 12 and b is 5 and c is 24
>>> func(b=12, c = 24, a = -1)
a is -1 and b is 12 and c is 24

>>> def hello(*, name='User'):
...     print("Hello", name)
...
>>> hello('shiyanlou')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: hello() takes 0 positional arguments but 1 was given
>>> hello(name='shiyanlou')
Hello shiyanlou

# 创建一个函数，将参数列表中每个元素都变成全大写
>>> def high(l):
...     return [i.upper() for i in l]
...
# 创建高阶函数，接受一个函数和一个列表作为参数
>>> def test(h, l):
...     return h(l)
...
>>> l = ['python', 'Linux', 'Git']
# 运行高阶函数，返回预期的结果
>>> test(high, l)
['PYTHON', 'LINUX', 'GIT']

>>> lst = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> def square(num):
...     "返回所给数字的平方."
...     return num * num
...
>>> print(list(map(square, lst)))
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25]

def is_odd(n):
    return n % 2 == 1

list(filter(is_odd, [1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 15]))
# 结果: [1, 5, 9, 15]

>>> sorted([36, 5, -12, 9, -21])
[-21, -12, 5, 9, 36]

# 它还可以接收一个key函数来实现自定义的排序，例如按绝对值大小排序
# key指定的函数将作用于list的每一个元素上，并根据key函数返回的结果进行排序
>>> sorted([36, 5, -12, 9, -21], key=abs)
[5, 9, -12, -21, 36]

# 要进行反向排序，不必改动key函数，可以传入第三个参数reverse=True
>>> sorted(['bob', 'about', 'Zoo', 'Credit'], key=str.lower, reverse=True)
['Zoo', 'Credit', 'bob', 'about']

>>> fobj.close()

>>> with open('sample.txt') as fobj:
...     for line in fobj:
...         print(line, end = '')
... 
I love Python
I love shiyanlou

try:
    statements to be inside try clause
    statement2
    statement3
    ...
except ExceptionName:
    statements to evaluated in case of ExceptionName happens

>>> raise ValueError("A value error happened.")
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: A value error happened.

>>> try:
...     raise ValueError("A value error happened.")
... except ValueError:
...     print("ValueError in our code.")
...
ValueError in our code.

>>> try:
...     raise KeyboardInterrupt
... finally:
...     print('Goodbye, world!')
...
Goodbye, world!
KeyboardInterrupt
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 2, in ?

class MyClass(Parentclass1, Parentclass2,...):
    def __init__(self):
        Parentclass1.__init__(self)
        Parentclass2.__init__(self)
        ...
        ...

>>> s = "I love you"
>>> del s
>>> s
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 's' is not defined

>>> class Student(object):
...     def __init__(self, name):
...         self.name = name
...
>>> std = Student("Kushal Das")
>>> print(std.name)
Kushal Das
>>> std.name = "Python"
>>> print(std.name)
Python

class Account(object):
    """账号类,
    amount 是美元金额.
    """
    def __init__(self, rate):
        self.__amt = 0
        self.rate = rate

    @property
    def amount(self):
        """账号余额（美元）"""
        return self.__amt

    @property
    def cny(self):
        """账号余额（人民币）"""
        return self.__amt * self.rate

    @amount.setter
    def amount(self, value):
        if value < 0:
            print("Sorry, no negative amount in the account.")
            return
        self.__amt = value

if __name__ == '__main__':
    acc = Account(rate=6.6) # 基于课程编写时的汇率
    acc.amount = 20
    print("Dollar amount:", acc.amount)
    print("In CNY:", acc.cny)
    acc.amount = -100
    print("Dollar amount:", acc.amount)

import <module>
from <moduel> import xxx,xxx,...

>>> from collections import Counter
>>> import re
>>> path = '/usr/lib/python3.5/LICENSE.txt'
>>> words = re.findall('\w+', open(path).read().lower())
>>> Counter(words).most_common(10)
[('the', 80), ('or', 78), ('1', 66), ('of', 61), ('to', 50), ('and', 48), ('python', 46), ('in', 38), ('license', 37), ('any', 37)]

>>> c = Counter(a=4, b=2, c=0, d=-2)
>>> list(c.elements())
['b','b','a', 'a', 'a', 'a']

>>> Counter('abracadabra').most_common(3)
[('a', 5), ('r', 2), ('b', 2)]

>>> from collections import defaultdict
>>> s = [('yellow', 1), ('blue', 2), ('yellow', 3), ('blue', 4), ('red', 1)]
>>> d = defaultdict(list)
>>> for k, v in s:
...     d[k].append(v)
...
>>> d.items()
dict_items([('blue', [2, 4]), ('red', [1]), ('yellow', [1, 3])])

>>> from collections import namedtuple
>>> Point = namedtuple('Point', ['x', 'y'])  # 定义命名元组
>>> p = Point(10, y=20)  # 创建一个对象
>>> p
Point(x=10, y=20)
>>> p.x + p.y
30
>>> p[0] + p[1]  # 像普通元组那样访问元素
30
>>> x, y = p     # 元组拆封
>>> x
10
>>> y
20

# Aligned with opening delimiter.
foo = long_function_name(var_one, var_two,
                         var_three, var_four)

# More indentation included to distinguish this from the rest.
def long_function_name(
        var_one, var_two, var_three,
        var_four):
    print(var_one)

# Hanging indents should add a level.
foo = long_function_name(
    var_one, var_two,
    var_three, var_four)

# No extra indentation.
if (this_is_one_thing and
    that_is_another_thing):
    do_something()

# Add a comment, which will provide some distinction in editors
# supporting syntax highlighting.
if (this_is_one_thing and
    that_is_another_thing):
    # Since both conditions are true, we can frobnicate.
    do_something()

# Add some extra indentation on the conditional continuation line.
if (this_is_one_thing
        and that_is_another_thing):
    do_something()

my_list = [
    1, 2, 3,
    4, 5, 6,
    ]
result = some_function_that_takes_arguments(
    'a', 'b', 'c',
    'd', 'e', 'f',
    )

my_list = [
    1, 2, 3,
    4, 5, 6,
]
result = some_function_that_takes_arguments(
    'a', 'b', 'c',
    'd', 'e', 'f',
)

with open('/path/to/some/file/you/want/to/read') as file_1, \
     open('/path/to/some/file/being/written', 'w') as file_2:
    file_2.write(file_1.read())

class Rectangle(Blob):

    def __init__(self, width, height,
                 color='black', emphasis=None, highlight=0):
        if (width == 0 and height == 0 and
                color == 'red' and emphasis == 'strong' or
                highlight > 100):
            raise ValueError("sorry, you lose")
        if width == 0 and height == 0 and (color == 'red' or
                                           emphasis is None):
            raise ValueError("I don't think so -- values are %s, %s" %
                             (width, height))
        Blob.__init__(self, width, height,
                      color, emphasis, highlight)

class Counter(object):
    def __init__(self, low, high):
        self.current = low
        self.high = high

    def __iter__(self):
        return self

    def __next__(self):
        #返回下一个值直到当前值大于 high
        if self.current > self.high:
            raise StopIteration
        else:
            self.current += 1
            return self.current - 1

>>> c = Counter(5,10)
>>> for i in c:
...   print(i, end=' ')
...
5 6 7 8 9 10

>>> c = Counter(5,6)
>>> next(c)
5
>>> next(c)
6
>>> next(c)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "<stdin>", line 11, in next
StopIteration
>>> next(c)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "<stdin>", line 11, in next
StopIteration

>>> iterator = iter(c)
>>> while True:
...     try:
...         x = iterator.__next__()
...         print(x, end=' ')
...     except StopIteration as e:
...         break
...
5 6 7 8 9 10

>>> def my_generator():
...     print("Inside my generator")
...     yield 'a'
...     yield 'b'
...     yield 'c'
...
>>> my_generator()
<generator object my_generator at 0x7fbcfa0a6aa0>

>>> for char in my_generator():
...     print(char)
...
Inside my generator
a
b
c

>>> def counter_generator(low, high):
...     while low <= high:
...        yield low
...        low += 1
... 
>>> for i in counter_generator(5,10):
...     print(i, end=' ')
... 
5 6 7 8 9 10

>>> c = counter_generator(5, 10)
>>> dir(c)
['__class__', '__del__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__name__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__next__', '__qualname__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'close', 'gi_code', 'gi_frame', 'gi_running', 'gi_yieldfrom', 'send', 'throw']

>>> def infinite_generator(start=0):
...     while True:
...         yield start
...         start += 1
...
>>> for num in infinite_generator(4):
...     print(num, end=' ')
...     if num > 20:
...         break
...
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

>>> g = my_generator()
>>> for c in g:
...     print(c)
...
Inside my generator
a
b
c
>>> for c in g:
...     print(c)
...

>>> class Counter(object):
...     def __init__(self, low, high):
...         self.low = low
...         self.high = high
...     def __iter__(self):
...          counter = self.low
...          while self.high >= counter:
...              yield counter
...              counter += 1
...
>>> gobj = Counter(5, 10)
>>> for num in gobj:
...     print(num, end=' ')
...
5 6 7 8 9 10
>>> for num in gobj:
...     print(num, end=' ')
...
5 6 7 8 9 10
>>> from collections import Iterator
>>> isinstance(gobj, Iterator)
False

>>> from collections import Iterator
>>> class Test():
...:     def __init__(self, a, b):
...:         self.a = a
...:         self.b = b
...:     def __iter__(self):
...:         return self
...:     def __next__(self):
...:         self.a += 1
...:         if self.a > self.b:
...:             raise StopIteration()
...:         return self.a
...:     

>>> test = Test(5, 10)

>>> isinstance(test, Iterator)
True

>>> sum([x*x for x in range(1,10)])

>>> sum(x*x for x in range(1,10))

>>> sum(x*x for x in range(1,10))
285
>>> g = (x*x for x in range(1,10))
>>> g
<generator object <genexpr> at 0x7fc559516b90>

>>> def add_number(num):
...     def adder(number):
...         #adder 是一个闭包
...         return num + number
...     return adder
...
>>> a_10 = add_number(10)
>>> a_10(21)
31
>>> a_10(34)
44
>>> a_5 = add_number(5)
>>> a_5(3)
8

def my_decorator(func):
    def wrapper(*args, **kwargs):
        print("Before call")
        result = func(*args, **kwargs)
        print("After call")
        return result
    return wrapper

@my_decorator
def add(a, b):
    print("running add()")
    return a + b


res = dd(1, 3)
print(res)
---------
Before call
running add()
After call
4

$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install python3-pip

$ sudo pip3 install virtualenv

$ cd /home/shiyanlou
$ mkdir virtual

$ cd virtual
$ virtualenv virt1

$ source virt1/bin/activate
(virt1)shiyanlou：~/$

(virt1)$ sudo pip3 install redis

(virt1)$ deactivate

$ virtualenv virt2
$ source virt2/bin/activate
(virt2)$ sudo pip3 install redis==2.8

import sys

def fact(n):
    """
    阶乘函数

    :arg n: 数字
    :returns: n 的阶乘

    """
    if n == 0:
        return 1
    return n * fact(n -1)

def div(n):
    """
    只是做除法
    """
    res = 10 / n
    return res


def main(n):
    res = fact(n)
    print(res)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    if len(sys.argv) > 1:
        main(int(sys.argv[1]))

import unittest
from factorial import fact

class TestFactorial(unittest.TestCase):
    """
    我们的基本测试类
    """

    def test_fact(self):
        """
        实际测试
        任何以 `test_` 开头的方法都被视作测试用例
        """
        res = fact(5)
        self.assertEqual(res, 120)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

$ python3 factorial_test.py
.
----------------------------------------------------------
Ran 1 test in 0.000s

OK